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Initially, researchers were interested in what the computer could be made to do, but the results of the visual work produced by the computer during this period established people like Edward Zajac, Michael Noll and Ken Knowlton as pioneering computer artists.Р”В®dward Zajac produced one of the first computer generated films at Bell Labs in 1963, titled A Two Gyro Gravity Gradient attitude control System, which demonstrated that a satellite could be stabilized to always have a side facing the Earth as it orbited. Bell Labs Р”В«ell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, was a leading research contributor in computer graphics, computer animation and electronic music from its beginnings in the early 1960s. The short animation was broadcast on November 9, 1961, at primetime in the national television newscast Aktuellt. The result of this was a fictional journey on the virtual highway at a speed of 110Р’В km/h (70Р’В mph).

It took an image every twenty meters (yards) of the virtual path. The camera was automatically controlled by the computer, which sent a signal to the camera when a new image was fed on the oscilloscope. In front of a specially designed digital oscilloscope with a resolution of about 1 megapixel a 35Р’В mm camera with an extended magazine was mounted on a specially made stand.

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The consulting firm Nordisk ADB, which was a provider of software for the Royal Swedish Road and Water Construction Agency realized that they had all the coordinates to be able to draw perspective from the driver's seat for a motorway from Stockholm towards Nacka. In 1960, a 49-second vector animation of a car traveling down a planned highway was created at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology on the BESK computer. Consequently, a new field of experimentation began to open up. From the late 1950s and early '60s, mainframe digital computers were becoming commonplace within large organisations and universities, and increasingly these would be equipped with graphic plotting and graphics screen devices. This breakthrough can be seen as the forerunner of all subsequent computer imaging, and recognising the importance of this first digital photograph, Life magazine in 2003 credited this image as one of the '100 Photographs That Changed the World'. They used the computer to extract line drawings, count objects, recognize types of characters and display digital images on an oscilloscope screen. The image, picturing Kirsch's three-month-old son, consisted of just 176Р“вЂ”176 pixels. In 1957, computer pioneer Russell Kirsch and his team unveiled a drum scanner for SEAC, to 'trace variations of intensity over the surfaces of photographs', and so doing made the first digital image by scanning a photograph. One of the first programmable digital computers was SEAC (the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer), which entered service in 1950 at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Maryland, USA.

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In 1968, his pioneering motion control model photography was used on Stanley Kubrick's movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, and also for the slit-scan photography technique used in the film's 'Star Gate' finale. In 1960, Whitney established his company Motion Graphics Inc, which largely focused on producing titles for film and television, while continuing further experimental works. One of Whitney's best known works from this early period was the animated title sequence from Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film Vertigo, which he collaborated on with graphic designer Saul Bass.

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In the 1940s and 1950s, he and his brother James created a series of experimental films made with a custom-built device based on old anti-aircraft analog computers ( Kerrison Predictors) connected by servos to control the motion of lights and lit objects РІР‚вЂњ the first example of motion control photography. John Whitney, Sr (1917РІР‚вЂњ1995) was an American animator, composer and inventor, widely considered to be one of the fathers of computer animation. The earliest pioneers: 1940s to mid-1960s John Whitney

8.2 Motion capture, photorealism, and uncanny valley.